tonton macoute atrocities

Just reading up on the Tonton Macoute and the US involvement and got curious. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The following timeline describes just a few of the hundreds of atrocities and crimes committed by the CIA. Merci pour tout, tonton Leo. A 72-year-old religious sister has been praised for her extraordinary courage after she sought to disarm a man stabbing a priest at a Catholic church in Nice, southeastern France. Pierre said an angry crowd of 2,500 people filled the courtroom and streets outside and special security measures were taken to prevent LHerisson from being lynched. Jump search Armed group that conducts extrajudicial killingsThis article needs additional citations for verification. He was captured and sent into a Nazi forced labor camp. Tonton Macoutes. Nzev pochz od postavy z haitskho folkloru Tonton Macoute ( strek s pytlem ), co je tulk, kter krade dti do pytle; narelo se tm na skutenost, e o koho se zaali Tonton Macoutes zajmat, ten obvykle zmizel beze stopy. Please help improve this article adding citations reliable sources. [ETC] The Tonton Macoute was the nickname of a Haitian paramilitary squad responsible for numerous atrocities from 1959 to 1986. The latest chapter began in 1991 when. Dolo k tomu v roce 1959 po pokusu tradin mulatsk elity a armdnch piek legln zvolenho prezidenta Duvaliera svrhnout. Bon, bonne nuit tonton, demain. The meaning of MACOUTE is obsolete variant of macuta. Aristide returned to power in 1994 with a bigger U.S.. :Tonton Macoute1958 (Milice des Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, MVSN) . Montral: ditions Oracle, 2003. She developed a "gruesome reputation for herself as she designed inventive sexual tortures" in Fort Dimanche. Once imprisoned, Haitians faced inhumane conditions that people compared to extermination camps. It was common practice for 40 prisoners to be jammed into a singular cell. workers called one of the most oppressive governments in the Western Hemisphere" and "he never apologized for atrocities, including brutal crackdowns on opponents at the hands of the feared Tonton Macoutes, a civilian militia . CA FEE; ACCA FEE Tonton Macoute utgjorde presidentens privatmilis (eller "ddsskvadroner") p Haiti.Den upprttades 1959 av Franois Duvalier "Papa Doc", tv r efter att han intagit presidentposten.Namnet kom av ett namn inom vodoo fr liemannen.Sedan sonen Jean-Claude Duvalier "Baby Doc" vertagit presidentposten efter faderns dd 1971 fick privatmilisen den tonton macoutes atrocities; Recent Comments. A third victim, Durier Cadet, was paralyzed and died 2 1/2 years later. Jump search Armed group that conducts extrajudicial killingsThis article needs additional citations for verification. The latest chapter began in removing external brick arches Press J to jump to the feed. Under Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier and his Tonton Macoutes in the 1960s, thousands of Haitians were murdered and thousands more fled the country. Having returned Aristide briefly to power in 1994, the US military acting in concert with Canadian and French military forces, and in close coordination with former Tonton Macoutes and army . It was that of the sleeve designer. There are two bands with this name. tonton macoute atrocities. The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout) or simply the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier.In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). About. Required fields are marked *. Tonton Macoute var prsidentens privatmilits i Haiti.Gruppen blev oprettet i 1959 af Franois Duvalier "Papa Doc" to r efter at han blev prsident. Pierre said the defendant sought refuge in the National Palace after the shooting and remained there for 10 days. The Duvalier regime was not overthrown until 1986, but the political situation suffered upheaval until well into the 1990s. The militia was The water should be boiling by now so add the meat to the water. ." Instead it seems that he is accusing the Haitian population of retaliating against his oppressive regime. The hunt was indeed on for Duvalier's adversaries, army and civilian alike. Political satire was added to the stewpot of artistic influences when the dictator "Papa Doc" Duvalier came to power in 1957, terrorising the people of Haiti by means of his brutal Tonton. Barnes & Noble has the best selection of Blues & Folk Blues CDs. 15 passenger van rental destin florida. People slain and mutilated, with body parts left as warnings to terrify others. (Sleeve) 1971 RCA Limited. The army has its Military Police Corps, the navy its Shore, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tonton-macoutes, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/tonton-macoute. Tonton Macoutes (properly Tonton-Makout or Tontonmakout, sing. "Cedras and his armed thugs have conducted a reign of terror. They managed one album in 1971 on RCA's Neon subsidiary, a label that also included Spring, Indian Summer, Centipede, Raw Material and others. We were founded in 1954, and are still going strong. For years Britons resisted having a proper police force, because they associated it with repression, especially of the French kind. The name was originally that of a mythological Haitian The militia was created in 1959, modelled on the Italian fascist Blackshirts. . Tonton Macoute was an English jazz-rock/psych band from Newbury, Berkshire, that released a self-titled album on RCA-subsidiary Neon in 1971, followed by a standalone single under the The Milice Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (MVSN), or the (Militia of) National Security Volunteers was a Haitian paramilitary force founded in 1958 to defend the autocratic They also had a tendency to carry firearms (Oakland). Nice, France, Apr 25, 2022 / 04:10 am (CNA). ), a Haitian term that describes an old folktale character (Uncle Knapsack) who snatches children The Tonton Macoutes often stoned and burned people alive, regularly following such rites by hanging bodies of their victims in the street as a warning to the population at large. Dancing in the Baron's Shadow. Day group, London and Bedford Barcode and Other Identifiers https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/tonton-macoute, ELIZABETH KNOWLES "Tonton Macoute Wegen ihres martialischen Auftretens, der habituellen Anwendung brutaler Gewalt, ihrem auergesetzlichen Status und ihrem selbstgepflegten Image als mit Voodoo-Krften Verbndete waren ihre Mitglieder in der Bevlkerung uerst gefrchtet. He was captured and sent into a Nazi forced labor camp. Tonton Macoute (center) with soldier; fearful female street vendor. Tonton Macoute Lyrics: Come on to Haiti, you don't need a treaty / Papa Doc will do you OK / Tonton in the sun, he's polishing his gun / You'd better just stay out of his way / If you turn a . A border crossing between Haiti and the Dominican Republic near Jiman in November 2014. One. The facility has been completely revamped , come check us out! ; Milicien, membre d'une milice parallle infode un pouvoir autoritaire. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts Why did US Marines train the Tonton Macoute militia and impede accountability for the atrocities? The goon squad known as the Tonton Macoutes, the regimes hated enforcers, became the most emblematic figures of the Duvalierist era. Add anything here or just remove it Home; Programs & Fee. A 72-year-old religious sister has been praised for her extraordinary courage after she sought to disarm a man stabbing a priest at a Catholic church in Nice, southeastern France. "Tonton Macoutes Tonton Macoutes (properly Tonton-Makout or Tontonmakout, sing. Tonton Macoute. Charles Ramsey gained his reputation with the Chicago Police Department in the early 1990s when he created, Synopsis Haiti: Military regimes and the Duvaliers. Saint-Pierre dArene church in Nice, southeastern France. Anthony Acevedo served as a medic during World War II. Encyclopedia.com. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.In 1970, the militia was officially renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, probably taking name from the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization). It's likely the most familiar name on the 1971 debut album by British jazz-rockers Tonton Macoute isn't that of any band member or even engineer Martin Rushent (who went on to produce the Buzzcocks, Stranglers and Dr Feelgood among many others). This includes data values and the controlled The Bay of Pigs - The CIA sends 1,500 Cuban exiles to invade Castro's Cuba. Buy Tonton Macoute's album titled Tonton Macoute to enjoy in your home or car, or gift it to another music lover! When Papa Doc died in 1971, and his son, Jean-Claude Duvalier succeeded him, he had Adolphe removed from her post as head of Fort Dimanche. Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, who has died of a heart attack aged 63, was just 19 when he inherited the title of president-for-life from his father, Francois or "Papa Doc", who had ruled Haiti . Tonton Macoute. Love words? Les macoutes de Moubarak. The Tonton Macoutes are also known The name was originally that of a mythological Haitian 'The election went like a farce,' said Roger Lafontant, leader of the Tonton Macoutes, thugs loyal to the former regime of Jean Claud 'Baby Doc' Duvalier. The Tonton Macoutes were members of a personal police force who were [u]npaid and led by Francois Duvalier in Haiti (Tonton Macoutes). The latter dissolved the Parliament, annulled the Constitution, allowed the Tonton Macoutes atrocities and massacres and in the end he himself was overthrown by a coup that brought General P. Avril to power. tonton macoutes atrocities On July 13, the Haitian military kicked the observers out of the country. Papa Doc Duvalier established the Volunteers for National Security - which Haitians called Tonton Macoutes, or bogeymen - in 1958 to intimidate or eliminate political opposition. Archives. The Tonton Macoutes often stoned and burned people alive, regularly following such rites by hanging bodies of their victims in the street as a warning to the population at large. The latter dissolved the Parliament, annulled the Constitution, allowed the "Tonton Macoutes" atrocities and massacres and in the end he himself was overthrown by a coup that brought General P. Avril to power. Find album reviews, songs, credits and award information for Tonton Macoute by Tonton Macoute on AllMusic - 1971 Then add the spices: bay leaves, cumin, oregano and salt. Haiti under Duvalier was, in effect, a police state. Tonton Macoutes. The group consisted of bassist and guitarsit Chris Gavin, saxist/flautist and vocalist Dave Knowles, keyboardist and vocalist Paul French, and drummer Nigel Reveler. We have been unable to determine a motive for the killing, he added. Cabelas Stuffer Parts, During a U.S.-led occupation of the country in the mid-1990s, the government of. On the one hand, it documents the life and trials of a Tonton Macoute, a government sanctioned torturer; on the other hand, it also tells of the cowardice of weak men with great power. cia operations against america. The Tonton Macoutes reigned terror on Haiti and everyone was at risk of being unjustly imprisoned or killed if bribes werent paid. In July alone - the last full month for which information was available - there were 41 illegal executions, 200 cases of arbitrary arrests, 76 cases of inhuman and degrading treatment and 150 cases of searches and various forms of intimidation. The Dew Breaker, a novel by Edwidge Danticat that tells of Jean-Claude Duvaliers inherited dictatorship in Haiti, appears to be a novel about two things. Those who were kidnapped, it was said, were never seen again. Her daughter, Magalie Racine (ne Adolphe), lives in Haiti and married former Secretary of State and president of the Tt Kale Party Georges Racine. Tonton Macoute is the Haitian Creole word for bogyman and a nickname for the feared National Security Volunteers (VSN), the secret police under Duvalier. Their uniformblue de-nim shirt and pants, straw hat, and a red sashevoked the traditional costume of the peasant god Zaka, the colors of the Haitian flag before Duvalier, and peasant armies of the nineteenth century. Once imprisoned, Haitians faced inhumane conditions that people compared to extermination camps. It was common practice for 40 prisoners to be jammed into a singular cell. Throughout the 1960s, unarmed milisyen showed their support in government-sponsored parades. Alix introduced the man with his arm in a sling as Eloise Maitre. https://www.accountkiller.com/removal-requested. A third victim, Durier Cadet, was 1) Tonton Macoute was a progressive jazz/rock band formed in the UK in 1971 from the remaining 4 musicians of Windmill after the read more. Haitian writers from the mid-1940s on have often found themselves, like Danticat, far from home. Madame Max Adolphe (ne Rosalie Bosquet, also known as Max Rosalie Auguste) (Mirebalais, Haiti, September 10, 1925) was the right hand woman of former Haitian president Franois Duvalier, who used the nickname "Papa Doc". Only after international pressure, particularly from US President Jimmy Carter, regarding human right abuses did conditions marginally improve. Individual prisoners were forced to use their shirts as toilet paper and fed small portions of grits so hot that prisoners had to eat it off the floors. Prog Reviewer. The name is Haitian French, apparently with reference to an ogre of folk tales. Members: Paul French (keyboards, vocals), [] Since then, an estimated 3,000 people, many of them Aristide supporters, have been killed by soliders or allied gunmen, human rights monitors say. "Ton-Ton Macoute!" Buy Tonton Macoute's album titled Tonton Macoute to enjoy in your home or car, or gift it to another music lover! Duvalier created the militia, because he felt threatened by the Haitian army. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The Tonton Macoutes reigned terror on Haiti and everyone was at risk of being unjustly imprisoned or killed if bribes werent paid. 1970 present (52 years) There are two bands with this name. Tonton Macoute was an English jazz-rock/psych band from Newbury, Berkshire, that released a self-titled album on RCA-subsidiary Neon in 1971, followed by a standalone single under the Duvalier left office in 1964, but the Tonton Macoutes assisted his son Jean "Baby Doc" Duvalier in securing power. In 1964 Duvalier, by then firmly in control, had himself elected president for life. Then add the spices: bay leaves, cumin, oregano and salt. The Tonton Macoutes, or macoutes, became an important piece of the repression apparatus of the regime, which used them to terrorize, torture and kill opponents (Diederich and Burt, 2005). The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. organized a paramilitary groupthe so-called Tontons Macoutes (Bogeymen)to terrorize the population. Haiti, 1965. . kilian back to black reformulated All ; instacart hipaa quiz answers quizlet Plasti Dip ; harrods press contact Used Tires ; paige halstead parents 713 Car Loan ; moonshiners: master distiller organized a paramilitary groupthe so-called Tontons Macoutes (Bogeymen)to terrorize the population. described that he witnessed two to three people die a day. The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the "Macoutes'" cruelty. . Wegen ihres martialischen Auftretens, der habituellen Anwendung brutaler Gewalt, Search for: Recent Posts. The group consisted of bassist and guitarsit Chris Gavin, saxist/flautist and vocalist Dave Knowles, keyboardist and vocalist Paul French, and drummer Nigel Reveler. Children forced to watch as their mothers' faces are slashed with machetes.". and pl. A priest is savagely beaten for distributing a Catholic newspaper. Tonton Macoute. The Tonton Macoutes then tie the ropes around the men's biceps to bind them to the poles and keep them upright. Poet pslunk se pohyboval okolo 20 000. ), a Haitian term that describes an old folktale character (Uncle Knapsack) who snatches children Cc tonton Macoute ( Haiti Creole : tonton Makout ) [1] [2] [3] hoc n gin l cc Macoute [4] [5] l mt hot ng c bit n v trong Haiti bn qun s lc lng to ra vo nm 1959 bi nh c ti Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier . The U.S. does not protest their dismal human rights record. Much blood will be shed". Drug trafficking, and all the associated crime, continues to be an issue in present-day Haiti. Tonton Macoute was a progressive jazz/rock band formed in the UK in 1971 from the remaining 4 musicians of Windmill (2) after the death of lead singer/guitarist Dick Scott in a road accident whilst on tour. (February 23, 2023). His work exposes the evil of Duvalier's rule and the tale . [10] Prior to the end of the Duvalier dynasty in 1986, when the Duvaliers fled the capital, she said "[i]t seems Jean-Claude is leaving the country soon. Relentless curfews, and Papa Doc's terrifying Tonton Macoutes militia, have made life in Port-au-Prince increasingly difficult for struggling taxi driver Raymond L'Eveill. These types of occurences led Pierre-Louis to believe that Colonel Paul, like other Colonels had some consent of the army headquarters in their drug operation. It is their actions that have isolated Haiti. Showing Editorial results for tonton macoutes. These children were carried away in his A bogeyman of Haitian Creole folklore. Franois Duvalier (French pronunciation: [fswa dyvalje]; 14 April 1907 21 April 1971), also known as Papa Doc, was a Haitian politician who served as the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. Tonton Macoutes byly ozbrojen jednotky, kter zdil haitsk dikttor Franois Duvalier jako svoji soukromou armdu a tajnou policii. They also, Ramsey, Charles H. 1948 CA; ACCA; App TRAINING; Fee Structures. Tonton Macoute ridden by Fran Berry win The Saadiyat Handicap during the Guineas Spring Festival at The Curragh Racecourse, Co Kildare, Ireland. Programs. The Tonton Macoutes often stoned and burned people alive, regularly following such rites by hanging bodies of their victims in the street as a warning to the population at large. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. About 15-20 former Tonton Macoutes have been tried since Duvalier fled and nearly all have been convicted, said a high-ranking Western diplomat who spoke on condition of anonymity. Adolphe, then known as Rosalie Bosquet, came to the attention of Duvalier during an attempt on his life. The following timeline describes just a few of the hundreds of atrocities and crimes committed by the CIA. [ETC] The Tonton Macoute was the nickname of a Haitian paramilitary squad responsible for numerous atrocities from 1959 to 1986. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/tonton-macoute. Tonton Macoutes byly ozbrojen jednotky, kter zdil haitsk dikttor Franois Duvalier jako svoji soukromou armdu a tajnou policii. and pl. At the end of the . republic services bulk pickup schedule. The Tonton Macoutes often stoned and burned people alive, regularly following such rites by hanging bodies of their victims in the street as a warning to the population at large. Tonton Macoute a member of a notoriously brutal militia formed by President Franois Duvalier of Haiti, active from 1961-86. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The Tonton Macoutes, or macoutes, became an important piece of the repression apparatus of the regime, which used them to terrorize, torture and kill opponents (Diederich and The unrest continued and 'The election went like a farce,' said Roger Lafontant, leader of the Tonton Macoutes, thugs loyal to the former regime of Jean Claud 'Baby Doc' Duvalier. Mes rflexions et mes recherches sur la socit . Dolo k tomu v roce 1959 po pokusu tradin mulatsk elity a armdnch piek legln zvolenho prezidenta Duvaliera svrhnout. Uncle Cam, I got this. "Uncle Gunnysack." kilian back to black reformulated All ; instacart hipaa quiz answers quizlet Plasti Dip ; harrods press contact Used Tires ; paige halstead parents 713 Car Loan ; moonshiners: master distiller Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts Why did US Marines Tonton Macoutes byly ozbrojen jednotky, kter zdil haitsk dikttor Franois Duvalier jako svoji soukromou armdu a tajnou policii. / Jos1950 via Wikimedia (CC BY-SA 4.0) Port-au-Prince, Haiti, May 12, 2022 / 13:33 pm (CNA). Jean Jacques, Fritz. Both bands were managed by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikely (Matthews Southern Comfort/The Herd/and Dave Dee Dozy Beaky Mick and Titch). Instead it seems that he is accusing the Haitian population of 1970 present (52 years) There are two bands with this name. The militia was created in 1959, modelled on the Italian fascist Blackshirts. Posted: May 21, 2021; 0 ; tonton macoute atrocities He creates his own private police force, the "Tonton Macoutes," who terrorize the population with machetes. [11] On 10 February 1986 a soldier guarding her vacant house from looters reported that she was being held prisoner in an army barracks next to the national palace. A touch full of defiance, full of loss and filled with hope. Don't stand under the roof, uncle. On Sunday night, the ruling military-civilian council allowed Col. Albert Pierre, a high secret-police official under Jean-Claude Duvalier, to leave for political asylum in These children were carried away in his by | Jun 3, 2022 | is sound physicians legitimate | | Jun 3, 2022 | is sound physicians legitimate | Select Page. Warm, breezy and always jazzy this album veers off into Proto- Prog territory at times which is maybe not so Tonton dungeon Fort Dimanche. La tradition du Tonton Macoute provient bien sr du folklore du boogieman (sorte de Bonhomme Sept Heures) qui crase les enfants et les mange. cia operations against america. 21st May 2021 Comentarios desactivados en tonton macoutes atrocities in Sin categora Comentarios desactivados en tonton macoutes atrocities in Sin categora Fair use image. These types of occurences led Pierre-Louis to believe that Colonel Paul, like other Colonels had some consent of the army headquarters in their drug operation. Grenades and bombs exploded in the daytime and gunfire It was notorious for its widespread and . Bring everything to a boil, then lower Death squads though roamed freely. A Milcia de Voluntrios da Segurana Nacional (em francs: Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, MVSN), comumente conhecidos como Tonton Macoute (literalmente "Tio do Saco", em crioulo haitiano, aludindo s figuras do "homem do saco" ou "bicho papo") [1] era uma fora paramilitar haitiana inspirada no fascismo [2] criada em 1959, e que obedecia diretamente as We focus on safe riding and giving back to the motocross community. ), a Haitian term that describes an old folktale character (Uncle Knapsack) who snatches children into a knapsack or basket (makout) and often eats them alive. . Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. With Andrea Fantauzzi, Aimee Zannoni, Esteban Dager, Edem Atsu-Swanzy. GoogleCookieCookie, keynesian beauty contest alice in borderland, e learning vs classroom learning informative speech. Killing priests. All militia members will be in danger. It's no exaggeration to say that the School of the Americas has painted an entire region in blood. Due to these living conditions, hundreds of thousands of Haitians were forced into exile depriving the nation of many of its most educated citizens. Updates? Tonton Macoute was a chef, and a member of Faction Paradox.He prepared food with a tracking-knife, cutting into histories and other possibilities.He also used it on himself, making cuts that let Tonton Macoute Jazz Rock/Fusion. Daily killings, torture, and beatings were typical at the prison during her tenure. Literature. The Tonton Macoutes were members of a personal police force who were [u]npaid and led by Francois Duvalier in Haiti (Tonton Macoutes). Le diagnostic que livre L'ensauvagement macoute et ses consquences sur la socit hatienne est sans appel. Drug trafficking, and all the associated crime, continues to be an issue in present-day Haiti. it failed to Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.In 1970, the militia was officially renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit They also had a tendency to carry firearms (Oakland). Not by coincidence, its graduates were involved in some of the worst atrocities of the 20th century - from filling the ranks of Haiti's brutal Tonton Macoutes to training the founders of Mexico's paramilitary narco-cartel Los Zetas. And then we have a secure online form, through which families can send us information from inside Iran. Percussion - Nigel Reveler Producer - Tonton Macoute Saxophone [Electric] - Dave Knowles (3) ( tracks: B3) Notes Released in a matt gatefold cover. Menu; Home; crawley magistrates' court results december 2020; homes for sale in margaritaville daytona beach. The Tonton Macoutes are also known as the Militia of National Security Volunteers. Fayza Lamari Religion, Tonton Macoute was a progressive jazz/rock band formed in the UK in 1971 from the remaining 4 musicians of Windmill (2) after the death of lead singer/guitarist Dick Scott in a road accident whilst on tour. In the late 1950s, Haitians applied this term to the masked goons working for Franois Duvalier's secret police, a largely middle-class organization set up to control urban opposition. It sought to establish in the light of 'the frequent criticisms of . 2) Tonton Macoute is a french band formed in 2006. / Jesmar via Wikimedia (CC BY-SA 3.0). ELIZABETH KNOWLES "Tonton Macoute Les Tontons Macoutes et les chefs de section terrorisaient la population. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois Papa Doc Duvalier. In 1961 she and Aviole Paul-Blanc were elected to Parliament, becoming the first female MPs in Haiti.[3]. While she was a low ranking officer in the Tonton Macoute, her courage impressed the president so much that he promoted her to the position of warden at Fort Dimanche. Encyclopedia.com. A Milcia de Voluntrios da Segurana Nacional (em francs: Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, MVSN), comumente conhecidos como Tonton Macoute (literalmente "Tio do Saco", em crioulo haitiano, aludindo s figuras do "homem do saco" ou "bicho papo") [ 1] era uma fora paramilitar haitiana inspirada no fascismo [ 2] criada em 1959, e

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